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Echidna (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Echidna (; , "She-Viper")〔Variant of ἔχις, also meaning "viper" from Proto-Indo-European
*''h1eǵhi-'' (see R. S. P. Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, p. 489).〕 was a monster, half-woman and half-snake, who lived alone in a cave. She was the mate of the most fearsome monster Typhon, and known primarily for being the mother of monsters,〔Ogden 2013a, (p. 81 ).〕 and many of the more famous monsters in Greek myth were said to be her offspring.
==Genealogy==
Echidna's family tree, varies by author.〔For a discussion of Echidna's varying genealogy see Ogden 2013a, (pp. 148–150 ).〕 The oldest genealogy relating to Echidna, Hesiod's ''Theogony'' (c. 8th – 7th century BC), is unclear at several points. According to Hesiod, Echidna was born to a "she" who was probably meant by Hesiod to be the sea goddess Ceto, making Echidna's father (presumably) the sea god Phorcys, although the "she" might possibly refer instead to the naiad Callirhoe, which would make Chrysaor Echidna's father.〔Hesiod, ''Theogony'' (270-300 ). Though Herbert Jennings Rose says simply that it is "not clear which parents are meant", Athanassakis, (p. 44 ), says that Phorcys and Ceto are the "more likely candidates for parents of this hideous creature who proceeded to give birth to a series of monsters and scourges". The problem arises from the ambiguous referent of the pronoun "she" in line 295 of the ''Theogony''. While some have read this "she" as referring to Callirhoe (e.g. Smith ("Echidna" ); Morford, p. 162), according to Clay, (p. 159 n. 32 ), "the modern scholarly consensus" reads Ceto, see for example Gantz, p. 22; Caldwell, pp. 7, 46 295–303; Grimal, "Echidna" p. 143.〕 The mythographer Pherecydes of Leros (5th century BC) has Echidna as the daughter of Phorcys, without naming a mother.〔Fowler 2001, (p. 278 fr. 7 ); Hošek, p. 678.〕
Other authors give Echidna other parents. According to the geographer Pausanias (2nd century AD), Epimenides (7th or 6th century BC) had Echidna as the daughter of the Oceanid Styx (goddess of the river Styx) and one Peiras (otherwise unknown to Pausanias),〔Epimenides ''apud'' Pausanias, (8.18.2 ); Fowler 2013, (p. 9 ).〕 while according to the mythographer Apollodorus (1st or 2nd century AD), Echidna was the daughter of Tartarus and Gaia.〔Apollodorus, ''Library '' (2.1.2 ). According to the sixth century AD neoplatonist Olympiodorus, Typhon, Echidna, and Python were all the progeny of Tartarus and Gaia, with each being a cause of a specific kind of disorder, in Echidna's case, "a cause revenging and punishing rational souls; and hence the upper arts of her are those of a virgin, but the lower those of a serpent", see Taylor 1824, (pp. 76–77 n. 63 ).〕 In one account, from the Orphic tradition, Echidna was the daughter of Phanes.〔Orphic Fragment (58 Kern ) = Athenagoras, ''Apology'' 20 (p. 397); van den Broek, (p. 137 n. 20 ); Fowler 2013, (p. 9 ).〕
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